Theta burst stimulation (TBS) is a type of patterned repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) that is used in cognitive neuroscience research and clinical settings to modulate brain activity. TBS involves delivering bursts of magnetic pulses at a specific frequency (theta frequency, 5 Hz) to a targeted brain region, with the aim of inducing long-lasting changes in neural excitability and connectivity. There are two main forms of TBS: continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS), which involves continuous stimulation over a period of time, and intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), which involves intermittent stimulation with short bursts of pulses followed by longer breaks. Both forms of TBS have been shown to have effects on cortical excitability and synaptic plasticity, with potential applications in the treatment of various neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and chronic pain. Overall, TBS is a promising tool for investigating the neural mechanisms underlying various cognitive functions and for developing novel therapeutic interventions for neurological and psychiatric conditions.